August 7 2025, freight market updates, featuring key insights and trends from the US, Turkey, China, and other global regions in cargo and shipping.

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<p style="line-height:1.3800000000000001;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt;" dir="ltr"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Greetings!</span></span></p><p style="line-height:1.3800000000000001;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt;" dir="ltr"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Our objective is to make your shipping experience easier by offering you the latest and most informative details and insights regarding the freight market. We aim to provide accurate and relevant content that brings benefits to your business.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:1.3800000000000001;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt;" dir="ltr"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">We highly value your feedback as we continuously strive to improve the quality of our weekly market updates. We value your thoughts on our current content and encourage you to suggest specific topics that you would like us to cover in more depth.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:1.3800000000000001;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt;" dir="ltr"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">We wish to create the most informative newsletter possible. We appreciate your continued readership and subscription, and we thank you for taking the time to provide us with your valuable feedback, which will help us enhance our future performance.</span></span></p>

From the Editor’s Desk

<ul style="margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">With the 90-day pause now over, the deadline for imposing reciprocal tariffs is drawing near, and a two-tier system is beginning to take shape.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Key trading partners like India and China have not yet finalized formal agreements, though an extension for China is anticipated.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">This is especially concerning as the U.S. intensifies its enforcement on transshipment activities.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Overall capacity deployment is tightening, dropping from 80–90% in July to a projected 75–86% in August.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">MSC’s ‘America’ service, launched in partnership with Zim, is reducing capacity.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Despite the downturn, the Port of Los Angeles posted its busiest June on record, handling 892,000 TEU — an 8% rise compared to June 2024.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Freight rates from India (IN) to North Europe (NEU) are rising across major carriers, with similar upward adjustments seen from Bangladesh (BD) to NEU.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Yard occupancy at Chittagong is around 90%, leading to severe backlogs.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Container Freight Station (CFS) yards in Chittagong are operating at over 200% capacity, with roughly 60% of cargo stuck inside.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">CMA CGM is working to reinstate Karachi calls on its EPIC service, but monsoon-driven draft restrictions are hampering operations.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">The North American third-party logistics (3PL) market is steadily expanding, driven by the rise of e-commerce, higher customer expectations for fast delivery, and a growing need for end-to-end supply chain visibility.</span></span></p></li></ul><p style="line-height:1.3800000000000001;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt;" dir="ltr"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Read on for more in-depth updates.</span></span></p>

Key takeaways for the US

Ocean Freight Market Updates

Freight market update - 7 August 2025

Explore 2025’s definitive guide comparing air cargo and sea freight costs, speeds, and strategies to optimize your global shipping decisions.

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  <h1>2025 Guide to Air Cargo vs. Sea Freight: Costs &amp; Speed Analysis</h1>

  <h2>Deciding Between Air Cargo and Sea Freight for Your Business in 2025</h2>

  <h3>Evaluating the Pros and Cons of Each Mode</h3>
  <p>The choice between <strong>air cargo</strong> and <strong>sea freight</strong> has always been a balancing act between <strong>cost efficiency</strong>, <strong>speed</strong>, and <strong>operational flexibility</strong>. In 2025, that decision is even more complex due to shifting market dynamics, fluctuating fuel prices, and evolving global trade regulations.</p>
  <ul>
    <li><strong>Air Cargo Pros:</strong> Exceptional speed, minimal risk of delays due to weather, higher reliability for time-sensitive shipments, and stronger security protocols. Ideal for high-value goods, perishable items, or urgent deliveries.</li>
    <li><strong>Air Cargo Cons:</strong> Significantly higher cost per kilogram, capacity limitations, environmental concerns, and restricted cargo sizes.</li>
    <li><strong>Sea Freight Pros:</strong> Low cost per unit, scalability for large volumes, flexibility for oversized or heavy goods, and lower carbon footprint per ton shipped.</li>
    <li><strong>Sea Freight Cons:</strong> Longer transit times, vulnerability to port congestion, weather disruptions, and potential customs delays.</li>
  </ul>

  <h4>Cost, Speed, and Reliability Considerations</h4>
  <p><strong>Cost:</strong> Sea freight remains more economical for bulk shipments, often costing <strong>70–90% less</strong> than air cargo for the same route. However, when considering <strong>inventory carrying costs</strong> and <strong>market speed requirements</strong>, air cargo can be financially justified in high-margin industries.</p>
  <p><strong>Speed:</strong> Air cargo transit times average <strong>1–5 days</strong>, while sea freight ranges between <strong>15–45 days</strong> depending on route and service type. For example, Shanghai to Los Angeles by air can be completed in under 48 hours, compared to 18–22 days by sea.</p>
  <p><strong>Reliability:</strong> While air cargo is less prone to delays, sea freight reliability has improved with <strong>just-in-time sailing schedules</strong> and improved <strong>port automation</strong>. Still, factors like <strong>geopolitical tensions</strong> and <strong>weather anomalies</strong> can cause fluctuations.</p>

  <h3>Tailoring Your Choice to Business Needs and Objectives</h3>
  <h4>Scenario-Based Recommendations</h4>
  <ul>
    <li><strong>Perishable Goods:</strong> Air cargo is essential to maintain product integrity.</li>
    <li><strong>Large Volume Commodities:</strong> Sea freight is the most cost-effective and environmentally sustainable.</li>
    <li><strong>Seasonal or Fashion Products:</strong> Air freight can capture market demand quickly, reducing the risk of overstock.</li>
    <li><strong>Hybrid Models:</strong> Combining sea freight for base stock and air freight for replenishment offers balance.</li>
  </ul>

  <h2>In-Depth Economic Analysis of Air vs. Sea Freight</h2>

  <h3>Detailed Cost Comparison Between Air Cargo and Sea Freight</h3>
  <p>In 2025, <strong>global freight indices</strong> reveal that:</p>
  <ul>
    <li><strong>Air Cargo:</strong> $4.50–$12 per kilogram on major lanes.</li>
    <li><strong>Sea Freight:</strong> $0.20–$1.50 per kilogram (converted from per container cost).</li>
  </ul>
  <p>While air freight rates have normalized after pandemic-era spikes, they remain <strong>5–8x higher</strong> than sea freight on most routes. Factors affecting rates include <strong>fuel surcharges, security fees, and demand cycles</strong>.</p>

  <h4>Breakdown of Pricing Factors in Air and Sea Transport</h4>
  <p><strong>Air Cargo Pricing Factors:</strong></p>
  <ul>
    <li>Weight and volume (chargeable weight formula)</li>
    <li>Airport handling fees</li>
    <li>Security screening costs</li>
    <li>Fuel surcharges and peak season premiums</li>
  </ul>
  <p><strong>Sea Freight Pricing Factors:</strong></p>
  <ul>
    <li>Container size (20’/40’) and type (standard, high cube, reefer)</li>
    <li>Origin and destination port charges</li>
    <li>Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF) and currency adjustment</li>
    <li>Demurrage and detention fees</li>
  </ul>

  <h3>Time Efficiency: Analyzing Which is Faster</h3>
  <p>The <strong>speed gap</strong> between air and sea freight is undeniable, but it’s not always linear in practice. Customs clearance, inland transport, and warehousing can compress or widen the difference.</p>

  <h4>Sector-Specific Transit Time Benchmarks</h4>
  <ul>
    <li><strong>Pharma &amp; Medical:</strong> Air – 1–3 days | Sea – 20–25 days</li>
    <li><strong>Fast Fashion:</strong> Air – 2–4 days | Sea – 25–30 days</li>
    <li><strong>Industrial Goods:</strong> Air – 3–5 days | Sea – 30–40 days</li>
  </ul>

  <h2>Navigating Global Trade Dynamics Impacting Freight Costs</h2>

  <h3>Effects of Recent Trade Policies on Freight Pricing</h3>
  <p>Global trade in 2025 is shaped by <strong>regional economic alliances</strong>, <strong>post-pandemic recovery strategies</strong>, and <strong>sustainability-driven tariffs</strong>.</p>
  <ul>
    <li>The <strong>EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)</strong> impacts sea freight with carbon pricing, potentially narrowing the cost gap with air freight for certain routes.</li>
    <li><strong>Bilateral free trade agreements</strong> between Asia-Pacific nations and the U.S. have eased certain customs tariffs, benefiting both modes differently.</li>
  </ul>

  <h3>Adapting to New Tariffs and Regulatory Changes in 2025</h3>
  <p>Companies must adopt <strong>dynamic pricing models</strong> and maintain <strong>real-time tariff monitoring</strong> to optimize routing decisions. Digital freight platforms now integrate live tariff calculators, enabling businesses to compare total landed costs instantly.</p>

  <h2>Leveraging Technology for Enhanced Freight Operations</h2>

  <h3>Technological Advances Boosting Air Cargo Operations</h3>
  <p>Air cargo in 2025 benefits from <strong>next-gen aircraft</strong> with better fuel efficiency, AI-driven load optimization, and blockchain-based documentation.</p>

  <h4>Case Studies on Technological Impacts in Air Freight</h4>
  <ul>
    <li><strong>Qatar Airways Cargo</strong> implemented AI route optimization, reducing empty leg flights by 12%.</li>
    <li><strong>UPS Flight Forward</strong> uses drone cargo delivery for last-mile medical supply chains.</li>
  </ul>

  <h3>Technological Improvements in Sea Freight Operations</h3>
  <p>Sea freight is undergoing a <strong>digital renaissance</strong> with <strong>autonomous vessels</strong>, <strong>IoT-enabled containers</strong>, and <strong>real-time satellite tracking</strong>.</p>

  <h4>Emerging Tech Applications in Maritime Shipping</h4>
  <ul>
    <li><strong>Maersk’s IoT reefer containers</strong> reduce spoilage rates by up to 15%.</li>
    <li><strong>Blockchain bills of lading</strong> cut document handling time from 7 days to under 24 hours.</li>
  </ul>

  <h2>Mastering Efficient Management of Air and Sea Freight</h2>

  <h3>Operational Efficiency Techniques for Air Cargo</h3>
  <p>To maximize ROI, shippers are adopting <strong>dynamic consolidation</strong>, where smaller shipments are grouped in real time based on destination and delivery window.</p>

  <h4>Success Stories from Leading Air Freight Operators</h4>
  <p><strong>DHL Express</strong> improved load factors by integrating predictive demand analytics, reducing per-shipment costs by 8%.</p>

  <h3>Strategies for Cost Efficiency in Sea Freight Operations</h3>
  <p>Key levers include <strong>slow steaming</strong>, <strong>better container utilization</strong>, and <strong>multimodal transport integration</strong>.</p>

  <h4>Proven Cost-Saving Methods in Maritime Transport</h4>
  <ul>
    <li>Implementing <strong>port call optimization</strong> to avoid congestion surcharges.</li>
    <li>Sharing container space through <strong>less-than-container load (LCL) partnerships</strong>.</li>
  </ul>

  <h2>Anticipating Future Trends in Global Freight Markets</h2>

  <h3>Forecasting Key Trends That Will Shape the Future of Freight</h3>
  <ul>
    <li><strong>Sustainability Premiums:</strong> Customers may pay more for green shipping.</li>
    <li><strong>Regionalization of Supply Chains:</strong> Shorter freight lanes will become more common.</li>
    <li><strong>Digital Freight Marketplaces:</strong> Transparent, real-time bidding for cargo space.</li>
  </ul>

  <h3>Strategic Planning for Businesses Facing Global Market Shifts</h3>
  <p>Businesses should adopt <strong>scenario planning</strong> to hedge against volatile freight rates, diversify transport modes, and invest in <strong>data-driven supply chain visibility</strong>.</p>

  <h2>Key Takeaways for 2025</h2>
  <ul>
    <li>Air cargo is unbeatable for speed but carries higher costs.</li>
    <li>Sea freight remains king for bulk and low-cost shipping, but tech and policy changes are closing the gap.</li>
    <li>Businesses can win by adopting hybrid models, embracing technology, and staying agile to trade policy shifts.</li>
  </ul>


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2025 Air Cargo vs. Sea Freight Guide: Cost & Speed Analysis for Global Shipping

July 31 2025, freight market updates, featuring key insights and trends from the US, Turkey, China, and other global regions in cargo and shipping.

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<ul style="margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">The U.S. will impose a 30% tariff on imports from the European Union and Mexico starting August 1st.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">President Trump recently hinted at introducing a broad 15% to 20% tariff on most U.S. trading partners, up from the current 10%.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">EU Trade Commissioner Maroš Šefčovič warned that the U.S. proposal could severely damage the €4.4 billion daily trade flow between the EU and U.S.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Carriers have raised freight rates in the second half of July, with MSC and CMA announcing additional General Rate Increases (GRIs) on East Coast routes.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Key carriers have either reduced or completely withdrawn their long-term Peak Season Surcharges (PSS).</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Capacity remains stable, operating between 84% and 91%, though blank sailings are now irregular and unpredictable.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Rates across India and Bangladesh remain firm in the second half of July, though signs of stabilization are emerging with major carriers.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Inland Container Depots (ICDs) in India are facing tight equipment availability, especially for HMM, HPL, and ONE.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Weather-related stoppages at Mundra and Kandla ports are causing vessel delays of 6–12 hours.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">North America’s freight and logistics industry is a critical pillar of the global supply chain, serving industries from e-commerce to pharmaceuticals.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">In 2024, the market is valued at US$ 1.5 trillion, with projected growth to US$ 2.0 trillion by 2031.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">The market is set to grow at a 4.0% CAGR from 2024 to 2031.</span></span></p></li></ul><p style="line-height:1.3800000000000001;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt;" dir="ltr"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Read on for more in-depth updates.</span></span></p>

Freight market update - 31 July 2025

A practical guide to understanding shipping costs from Turkey to the USA. Learn how to use a shipping fee calculator, assess customs charges, and estimate total delivery cost.

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<h1>How to Calculate Shipping Costs from Turkey to the USA</h1>

<p><em>Beeontrade · July 2025</em><br>
<em><strong>6 min read</strong></em></p>

<h2>From the Editor’s Desk</h2>
<p>Calculating international shipping costs can be daunting—especially when sending cargo from Turkey to the United States. The total delivery cost isn’t just about the freight rate; it includes customs charges, pallet rates, inland delivery, and documentation fees. Without accurate forecasting, logistics budgets can easily spiral out of control.</p>
<p>This blog offers a comprehensive breakdown of how to calculate your shipping expenses. We'll cover how to use a shipping fee calculator, understand customs and duties, and apply cost-saving techniques for every shipment.</p>

<h2>Key Observations</h2>

<h3>Growing Trade Volume</h3>
<ul>
  <li>Exports from Turkey to the U.S. rose 15% in H1 2025, led by textiles and machinery.</li>
  <li>Freight forwarders are expanding consolidation services for Turkish SMEs.</li>
</ul>

<h3>Cost Impact Factors</h3>
<ul>
  <li>Volatility in TRY/USD exchange rates is directly affecting final invoice totals.</li>
  <li>Importers face rising pallet delivery costs across major U.S. distribution hubs.</li>
</ul>

<h2>Step-by-Step Guide to Shipping Cost Calculation</h2>

<h3>Step 1: Determine Your Cargo Dimensions and Weight</h3>
<p>Start with measuring your shipment in cubic meters (CBM) and kilograms. Freight charges are typically calculated based on whichever value is greater: actual weight or dimensional weight.</p>

<h3>Step 2: Use a Shipping Fee Calculator</h3>
<p>Online shipping fee calculators allow you to input size, weight, and route to estimate base freight cost. These calculators adjust for seasonal fluctuations, fuel surcharges, and handling fees.</p>

<h3>Step 3: Add Customs Charges and Duties</h3>
<p>Customs clearance costs depend on the HS code classification. Typical charges include:</p>
<ul>
  <li>U.S. Customs Duty (based on declared cargo value)</li>
  <li>Merchandise Processing Fee (MPF)</li>
  <li>Harbor Maintenance Fee (HMF)</li>
</ul>

<h3>Step 4: Factor in Pallet Rate USA</h3>
<p>Final-mile delivery rates are often calculated per pallet. These can vary significantly depending on destination zip code, service level (LTL vs. FTL), and accessorials like liftgate service or inside delivery.</p>

<h3>Step 5: Calculate Total Delivery Cost</h3>
<p>Combine the following to arrive at your final total:</p>
<ul>
  <li>Origin port charges</li>
  <li>Main freight leg (ocean or air)</li>
  <li>Customs and compliance fees</li>
  <li>Inland delivery and pallet rate</li>
  <li>Insurance, if applicable</li>
</ul>

<h2>Cost-Saving Best Practices</h2>

<h3>Optimize Load Utilization</h3>
<p>Maximize your cargo per pallet or container. Partial loads may cost more per unit than fully loaded shipments.</p>

<h3>Bundle Shipments</h3>
<p>Working with a freight forwarder who offers consolidation lets you share space—and cost—with other shippers on similar routes.</p>

<h3>Digital Freight Tools</h3>
<p>Freight platforms help compare quotes, predict landed costs, and manage documents in one place.</p>

<h2>Beeontrade’s Perspective</h2>
<p>At Beeontrade, we make shipping from Turkey to the USA simple, affordable, and predictable. Our integrated freight calculator, customs tools, and real-time tracking empower businesses to take control of their delivery costs—before cargo even leaves the port.</p>

<p><a href="https://platform.beeontrade.com/expand-smarter-with-beeontrade" class="cta">Use Our Shipping Cost Calculator</a></p>

<h2>Sources</h2>
<ul>
  <li>JOC: "Turkish Export Trends and U.S. Trade Outlook" – <a href="https://www.joc.com">joc.com</a></li>
  <li>Flexport: "Total Landed Cost Calculation Guide" – <a href="https://www.flexport.com/blog">flexport.com</a></li>
  <li>Trade.gov: "Customs Clearance in the U.S." – <a href="https://www.trade.gov">trade.gov</a></li>
  <li>Beeontrade: "Shipping Rate Intelligence Platform" – <a href="https://www.beeontrade.com">beeontrade.com</a></li>
</ul>



</div><p><br>&nbsp;</p>

How to Calculate Shipping Costs from Turkey to the USA

Understand container delivery methods in international shipping, including door-to-port, port-to-port, FCL vs LCL, and how trucking and scheduling impact delivery.

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<h1>Container Delivery Methods in International Shipping</h1>

<p><em>Beeontrade · July 2025</em><br>
<em><strong>5 min read</strong></em></p>

<h2>From the Editor’s Desk</h2>
<p>Whether you’re shipping full containers or smaller consolidated loads, understanding container delivery methods is crucial for smooth international logistics. The right method depends on your cargo size, destination, timeline, and cost expectations.</p>
<p>This guide breaks down common container delivery methods—door-to-port, port-to-port, FCL vs LCL—and explains how container trucking and delivery scheduling work within the U.S. freight network.</p>

<h2>Key Observations</h2>

<h3>Changing Delivery Preferences</h3>
<ul>
  <li>More shippers are opting for port-to-door services to simplify last-mile operations.</li>
  <li>Carrier schedules and trucking availability are key bottlenecks for delivery reliability.</li>
</ul>

<h3>Domestic Impact</h3>
<ul>
  <li>Container trucking in the USA is under pressure due to chassis shortages and regional driver availability.</li>
  <li>Advanced scheduling tools are reducing missed appointments and demurrage fees.</li>
</ul>

<h2>Overview of Container Delivery Methods</h2>

<h3>Door-to-Port</h3>
<p>This method involves the freight forwarder picking up the container from your location and delivering it to the port of export. It’s often preferred for exporters based far from port cities.</p>

<h3>Port-to-Port</h3>
<p>A traditional shipping method where the shipper is responsible for getting the cargo to the departure port and picking it up at the destination port. It’s cost-effective but logistics-heavy.</p>

<h3>Door-to-Door</h3>
<p>This end-to-end method includes pickup and final delivery. It reduces manual coordination and suits shippers new to international logistics or lacking a local agent at destination.</p>

<h2>FCL vs LCL: Choosing the Right Container Load</h2>

<h3>Full Container Load (FCL)</h3>
<ul>
  <li>Best for large-volume shipments needing privacy and faster transit.</li>
  <li>Reduces handling but may be costlier if the container is underutilized.</li>
</ul>

<h3>Less than Container Load (LCL)</h3>
<ul>
  <li>Ideal for small or medium shipments.</li>
  <li>Involves shared container space and additional handling at consolidation points.</li>
</ul>

<h2>Trucking and Delivery Scheduling in the USA</h2>

<h3>Container Trucking Challenges</h3>
<p>High fuel costs, port congestion, and driver shortages can delay container pickup and delivery. Some ports, like LA/Long Beach, require advance appointments and impose penalties for late arrival or extended container dwell.</p>

<h3>Simplifying Scheduling with Technology</h3>
<p>Digital freight platforms now automate truck dispatch, container pickup timing, and delivery slot booking. This leads to more efficient route planning and fewer detention charges.</p>

<h2>Beeontrade’s Perspective</h2>
<p>Shipping is only as strong as the delivery method behind it. Beeontrade provides flexible options across door-to-port, port-to-port, and door-to-door models—integrated with real-time tracking and delivery scheduling to keep your operations smooth and predictable.</p>

<p><a href="https://platform.beeontrade.com/expand-smarter-with-beeontrade" class="cta">Explore Container Delivery Solutions</a></p>

<h2>Sources</h2>
<ul>
  <li>Freightos: "Door-to-Door vs Port-to-Port Shipping Explained" – <a href="https://www.freightos.com">freightos.com</a></li>
  <li>Flexport: "Choosing Between FCL and LCL" – <a href="https://www.flexport.com/blog">flexport.com</a></li>
  <li>JOC: "Trucking Bottlenecks in U.S. Ports" – <a href="https://www.joc.com">joc.com</a></li>
  <li>Beeontrade: Delivery Optimization Tools – <a href="https://www.beeontrade.com">beeontrade.com</a></li>
</ul>


</div>

Container Delivery Methods in International Shipping

July 24 2025, freight market updates, featuring key insights and trends from the US, Turkey, China, and other global regions in cargo and shipping.

July 24, 2025.png

<ul style="margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">The U.S. has confirmed a 30% tariff on imports from the European Union and Mexico, effective August 1st.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">In a recent interview, President Trump proposed raising the current 10% blanket tariff on most trading partners to 15%–20%.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Carriers raised rates in the second half of July, and MSC and CMA have announced additional General Rate Increases (GRIs) on East Coast routes.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Capacity is holding steady between 84% and 91%, though blank sailings are no longer occurring in a predictable pattern.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Rates for the second half of July remain firm across India and Bangladesh, though some stabilization is being observed among major carriers.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Air freight spot rates dropped in June as capacity surpassed demand for the first time in 19 months, amid ongoing tariff policy concerns (Xeneta, July 4 report).</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#0e101a;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">The global air cargo spot rate averaged $2.50/kg in June, a 4% YoY decrease, marking the second straight monthly decline.</span></span></p></li><li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" dir="ltr" aria-level="1"><p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">The global Parcel Sortation Systems Market is valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 4.88 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 7.50% from 2025 to 2035.</span></span></p></li></ul><p style="line-height:1.3800000000000001;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt;" dir="ltr"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Read on for more in-depth updates.</span></span></p>

Freight market update - 24 July 2025

Understand container freight transit times from Europe to the USA. Explore shipping duration, maritime routes, vessel schedules, and customs delay factors.

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<h1>Container Freight Time from Europe to the USA by Ship</h1>

<p><em>Beeontrade · July 2025</em><br>
<em><strong>6 min read</strong></em></p>

<h2>From the Editor’s Desk</h2>
<p>International shipping from Europe to the USA remains one of the most vital and heavily trafficked maritime lanes in the world. With rising demand, evolving regulations, and global port congestion, understanding the typical freight time by ocean carrier is more important than ever for logistics planners and import/export teams.</p>
<p>This article provides a breakdown of shipping duration, key maritime routes, vessel schedules, and how customs delays can impact your ocean transit time from Europe to the U.S.</p>

<h2>Key Observations</h2>

<h3>Transit Time Benchmarks</h3>
<ul>
  <li>On average, container freight from Europe to the U.S. East Coast takes 12–16 days port-to-port.</li>
  <li>To the U.S. West Coast, shipping can extend to 25–32 days due to Panama Canal transits.</li>
</ul>

<h3>Top Departure Ports</h3>
<ul>
  <li>Rotterdam, Hamburg, Antwerp, and Bremerhaven remain the busiest European load ports.</li>
  <li>These ports connect to New York, Savannah, Norfolk, and Houston on the U.S. side.</li>
</ul>

<h2>What Impacts Ocean Transit Time?</h2>

<h3>Vessel Schedules and Routing</h3>
<p>Carrier vessel schedules, transshipment points, and maritime alliances can affect reliability. Direct sailings are faster, while feeder services or port hops can add several days to your total delivery.</p>

<h3>Maritime Routes and Conditions</h3>
<p>The North Atlantic route is typically used for Europe–East Coast trade. However, rough weather conditions in winter can introduce delays, as can Panama Canal congestion for West Coast-bound freight.</p>

<h3>Customs and Port Congestion Delays</h3>
<p>U.S. customs clearance and terminal congestion can add 2–5 days depending on peak seasons. Having documentation pre-approved reduces these bottlenecks.</p>

<h2>Planning Smarter Shipping from Europe</h2>

<h3>Tips for Optimizing Ocean Freight Time</h3>
<ul>
  <li>Book sailings 3–4 weeks in advance to secure optimal transit windows.</li>
  <li>Use carriers with high schedule reliability ratings and limited transshipment.</li>
  <li>Leverage predictive logistics platforms to monitor vessel ETAs and route changes.</li>
</ul>

<h3>Example Route Timeline</h3>
<p>A shipment from Hamburg to New York typically includes:</p>
<ul>
  <li>1 day inland trucking to port</li>
  <li>14 days ocean transit</li>
  <li>2 days for terminal handling and customs</li>
  <li>2–4 days for final-mile delivery</li>
</ul>
<p>Total: ~19–21 days end-to-end.</p>

<h2>Beeontrade’s Perspective</h2>
<p>At Beeontrade, we help businesses stay ahead of freight delays with real-time routing visibility, vessel monitoring, and documentation tools that reduce customs friction. When it comes to shipping from Europe to the USA, insight and timing are everything.</p>

<p><a href="https://platform.beeontrade.com/expand-smarter-with-beeontrade" class="cta">Estimate Your Europe–USA Shipping Time Now</a></p>

<h2>Sources</h2>
<ul>
  <li>Flexport: "Ocean Freight Schedules and Trends 2025" – <a href="https://www.flexport.com/blog">flexport.com</a></li>
  <li>MarineTraffic: Real-Time Vessel Data – <a href="https://www.marinetraffic.com">marinetraffic.com</a></li>
  <li>JOC: "Port Congestion and Transit Times" – <a href="https://www.joc.com">joc.com</a></li>
  <li>Beeontrade: "Freight Time Calculators" – <a href="https://www.beeontrade.com">beeontrade.com</a></li>
</ul>



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Container Freight Time from Europe to the USA by Ship

Explore the top US container ports by volume and capacity. Learn about the busiest East Coast and West Coast ports and how they drive port logistics in America.

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<h1>The Most Used Container Ports in the USA</h1>

<p><em>Beeontrade · July 2025</em><br>
<em><strong>5 min read</strong></em></p>

<h2>From the Editor’s Desk</h2>
<p>Container ports are the lifeblood of international trade and critical hubs for U.S. supply chains. Understanding the most active ports in the United States provides insight into import trends, capacity planning, and regional logistics performance.</p>
<p>In this article, we highlight the busiest container ports across the East and West Coasts—exploring why they matter, how they operate, and what shippers should know when planning cargo routing in 2025 and beyond.</p>

<h2>Key Observations</h2>

<h3>Volume Trends</h3>
<ul>
  <li>West Coast ports are rebounding in 2025 after pandemic-era slowdowns, led by the Port of Los Angeles and Long Beach.</li>
  <li>East Coast ports continue gaining market share due to expanded Panama Canal capacity and infrastructure upgrades.</li>
</ul>

<h3>Infrastructure and Efficiency</h3>
<ul>
  <li>Automation and port digitization have improved container dwell time and berth utilization.</li>
  <li>Inland connectivity—rail and trucking—remains a key differentiator for high-performing ports.</li>
</ul>

<h2>Top Container Ports by Volume and Logistics Capacity</h2>

<h3>Port of Los Angeles (West Coast)</h3>
<p>Still the largest container port in the U.S., the Port of Los Angeles handles over 9 million TEUs annually. It benefits from deepwater access, modern cranes, and proximity to major Asian trade routes.</p>

<h3>Port of Long Beach (West Coast)</h3>
<p>Adjacent to the Port of LA, Long Beach is another powerhouse. Its Green Port policy and digital logistics systems have made it a leader in sustainable port operations.</p>

<h3>Port of New York and New Jersey (East Coast)</h3>
<p>Serving the entire Northeast U.S., this port complex rivals West Coast leaders in volume and efficiency. Major investments in dredging and rail access have boosted throughput and reduced congestion.</p>

<h3>Port of Savannah (East Coast)</h3>
<p>Georgia’s Port of Savannah has surged in popularity due to its fast-growing container yards and deepwater capabilities. It’s a top choice for importers serving the Southeast and Midwest.</p>

<h3>Port of Houston (Gulf Coast)</h3>
<p>While technically a Gulf port, Houston ranks in the top five for total container volume. Its central U.S. location and expanding rail links support its steady rise in logistics rankings.</p>

<h2>Choosing the Right Port for Your Business</h2>
<p>Each port offers unique advantages depending on destination, cargo type, and cost preferences. Shippers targeting the Midwest may benefit from East Coast options, while time-sensitive imports from Asia are best served via West Coast gateways. Gulf ports provide growing alternatives with central access.</p>

<h2>Beeontrade’s Perspective</h2>
<p>Choosing the right port is about more than proximity—it’s about performance. Beeontrade connects shippers with the best port solutions for their cargo, backed by digital tools that compare rates, transit times, and congestion risk across all major U.S. terminals.</p>

<p><a href="https://platform.beeontrade.com/expand-smarter-with-beeontrade" class="cta">Find the Best Port for Your Next Shipment</a></p>

<h2>Sources</h2>
<ul>
  <li>Port of Los Angeles: Annual Container Statistics – <a href="https://www.portoflosangeles.org">portoflosangeles.org</a></li>
  <li>Port of NY/NJ: Economic Impact Reports – <a href="https://www.panynj.gov">panynj.gov</a></li>
  <li>American Shipper: 2025 Port Rankings – <a href="https://www.freightwaves.com">freightwaves.com</a></li>
  <li>Journal of Commerce: Port Infrastructure Outlook – <a href="https://www.joc.com">joc.com</a></li>
</ul>



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